The Great Trek was the migration of thousands of Boers (Dutch-descended settlers) from the British-controlled Cape Colony into the interior of southern Africa.
The Apartheid policy was a system of racial segregation and discrimination introduced by the National Party in 1948.
The trekkers formed independent states such as:
Orange Free State
South African Republic (Transvaal)
In these republics:
White minority rule was already practiced.
Black Africans had very limited rights.
During the trek, the Boers fought African communities like the Zulu Kingdom for land.
Africans were pushed off fertile land.
Early racial separation between white settlers and Africans began.
This separation later became formalized under apartheid laws.
1. Development of Afrikaner Identity
During the Great Trek (1830s–1840s), the Boers/Afrikaners moved away from the Cape Colony to avoid British rule.
They developed a strong sense of independence and racial superiority.
Many believed they were chosen by God to control the land.
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Kwame Nkrumah, (born September 1909, Nkroful, Gold Coast—died April 27, 1972, Bucharest, Rom.), Nationalist leader and president of Ghana (1960–66). Nkrumah worked as a teacher before going to the U.S. to study literature and socialism (1935–45).
and built new roads, schools, and health facilities. After 1960 he devoted much of his time to the Pan-African movement, at the expense of Ghana’s economy.
Following an attempted coup in 1962, he increased authoritarian controls, withdrew from public life, increased contacts with communist countries, and wrote works on political philosophy. With the country facing economic ruin, he was deposed in 1966 while visiting Beijing.