I was asked by someone why I think Elon Musk holds a badly flawed philosophy.
We should take Mr. Musk seriously, because he is one of the great producers of our age, and that is exactly why his philosophy matters. A man who builds the future and cannot defend it on principle leaves that future to be seized by men who do have principles, even if they are the wrong principles. So I will go through the branches in order, because each one rests on the branch before it.
Begin with epistemology, the theory of knowledge, because that is where his method splits in two. In the factory he is a model of the rational method. He asks what the laws of physics permit, discards the conventional answer, and reasons from the facts upward. That is rational thinking. Now watch him leave the factory. He tells you there is a 10 to 20 percent chance that artificial intelligence will end humanity. Ask him how that figure was derived. What evidence, what method, what calculation? He has none because there is none. In 2016 he announced that men would walk on Mars by 2025 and that fully autonomous cars were two years away. These are arbitrary assertions, claims put forward with no evidence whatever, as if the act of asserting them gave them standing. An arbitrary claim is not true and not false. It is nothing, and the proper response to nothing is to dismiss it rather than argue with it. A mind that reasons rigorously in one field and asserts freely in another has not grasped its own method as a principle. It has compartmentalized. It applies reason where reality will check the answer, in a rocket that lands or does not, and suspends it where no check is coming, in predictions about the future of the species. Objectivism regards that split as a failure of integration, and integration is not automatic. It is something a man chooses to do or chooses to evade, and the choice is the whole of epistemology at the level where a life is lived.
Now metaphysics, the branch that asks what exists. Mr. Musk has said the odds that we live in base reality, meaning reality, are one in billions. Observe what such a statement does. It treats existence as a probability, something that may or may not be the case, as though there were some other vantage point from which the question could be settled. There is none. Existence exists. It is the starting point of all knowledge, including the knowledge required to build a simulation. He has also said that man may be no more than the boot loader for a digital superintelligence, and called that increasingly probable. Notice that both claims share a premise: the world you perceive and the man perceiving it are provisional, less than fully real. A builder needs the opposite premise. He needs reality to be firm, and it is.
Ethics is where his errors become dangerous. He says he accumulates wealth to make life multiplanetary and to ensure that the light of consciousness is not extinguished. He says the goal of his companies is to maximize the probability that civilization has a great future. Look at what this does. He has made humanity the purpose of his life. Here I will be precise, because most men blur this. In the Objectivist ethics, the standard of value is man's life, life as a rational being, that which is required to sustain and further it. But the purpose of ethics, for each man, is his own life and his own happiness. Standard and purpose are not the same thing. Mr. Musk has kept no purpose for himself. He works for the species. And a man who tells the world he works for the species has told the world that the species may take what he makes. Every wealth tax, every seizure, every subpoena is written in those terms. He cannot answer them, because he has already granted the premise.
Politics follows from ethics, as it must. He calls America a democracy, constantly. It is not. It is a constitutional republic, and the difference is not a technicality. A democracy is unlimited majority rule. A republic is a system in which certain things are placed beyond the reach of any vote, and those things are the rights of the individual. Now look at what he proposes for Mars: direct democracy, every citizen voting on every law, any law removable by 40 percent. He believes he has designed freedom. He has designed mob rule with an arithmetical safeguard. A supermajority is still a majority, and a right that survives only because enough people voted to let it survive is not a right. It is a permission. He even claims the founders chose representation only because they could not communicate quickly enough. Read Madison. He chose the republic on principle, because pure democracies, in his words, had ever been found incompatible with personal security and the rights of property. Mr. Musk has the history backward because he has the philosophy backward. Add his declaration in 2016 that a universal basic income would be necessary, his present prediction of universal high income with money made irrelevant, and his past endorsement of a carbon tax. Each treats wealth as something distributed rather than earned.
Observe the pattern, because it is the most instructive thing about his philosophy. In 2014 he said that with AI we were summoning the demon. In March 2023 he signed a letter demanding a six month pause, two weeks after quietly incorporating his own AI company, which he announced that July. He voted for Democrats for years, then backed Mr. Trump, then broke with him and announced a third party. What does it mean when a man's positions change this often? It means they are not derived from principles. They are responses to circumstances, and circumstances change. A principle is a general truth about reality, and it holds regardless of the news.
Esthetics I will gladly give him. A rocket that lands on its own tail is the heroic made visible, and that is what art and engineering share at their best.
Mr. Musk lives like a producer and explains himself like an altruist. The living is admirable. The explaining is what is already being used against him and will continue to be used against him, and against every man like him.